or placebo o relative to sham instrumented control hearts at top what is glucophage for left panel, top right and min bottom left panel mean lvdp of hearts what is glucophage for from to min of reperfusion are shown in the bottom right panel tetrazolium what is glucophage for chloride stained heart slices showed that hearts treated with csil at , and min had similar injury as that of the sham operated hearts � , � and � , and � respectively p � ns the infarct size of hearts treated with csil even at min of global ischemia was � of the ventricles this was significantly smaller than its corresponding control p , whereas hearts what is glucophage for treated with control iggl at , and min of global ischemia were � , � and � respectively fig , left panel the corresponding nitroblue tetrazolium chloride stained heart slices are shown in fig , right panel another parameter of myocardial injury that was determined was mitochondrial size although mitochondrial swelling is a hallmark of ischemic injury, irreversible injury cannot be directly extrapolated from just observation of mitochondrial what is glucophage for size nevertheless, in view of the myocardial functional and his tochemical evidences, mitochondrial size assessment from transmission electron micrographs add additional support for myocardial preservation in csil treated hearts, relative to iggl or placebo treated hearts figure shows the comparison of fig mean infarct sizes of rat hearts treated with csil or iggl or placebo at and min of global ischemia left panel the corresponding nitroblue tetrazolium chloride stained mid slices of rat hearts treated with what is glucophage for csil or iggl at , and min of global ischemia minimal injury was seen what is glucophage for in and min csil treated hearts, but injury was evident in the min what is glucophage for csil treated heart slice injury is evident in all heart slices treated with iggl right panel, bottom two rows �i i normal cut csil csil csejo igsl tg& iflsi placebo v fig mean mitochondrial size of normal, csil, iggl or placebo treated hearts treatment was as indicated in the text mitochondrial size of normal hearts, csil treatment at and min of global ischemia, what is glucophage for as well as iggl treated hearts at , and min of global ischemia and with placebo no difference in mitochondrial size was observed between normal myocardium � mean number of pixels � sem and myocardium treated at and min what is glucophage for of global ischemia � , � , � and � respectively p = ns however, what is glucophage for mitochondria of hearts treated with iggl at , and min of global ischemia or what is glucophage for placebo � , � , � and � respectively were larger than mitochondria of csil what is glucophage for treated hearts p these studies showed that myocardial viability preservation is not restricted to embryonic cardiocytes in cultures adult hearts are also amenable to structural and functional preservation, following cell membrane lesion sealing in a timedependent manner during ischemia this method of cell membrane lesion sealing has also been reported to preserve the integrity of vascular endothelium with antiactinimmunoliposomes a question that remains concerning the utility of csil is whether immunoliposomes can retain the protective functions in the presence of plasma proteins in vivo, since experiments have demonstrated that cells in culture and adult hearts perfused with nonprotein oxygenated buffer were prevented from undergoing myocardial necrosis, following cell membrane lesion sealing intervention with cytoskeletal what is glucophage for antigen specific immunoliposomes to demonstrate that cell membrane lesion sealing also occur in what is glucophage for vivo, rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction were used in this study, rabbits were injected with antimyosin csil, plain liposomes or saline at the time of what is glucophage for left circumflex coronary artery occlusion by intracoronary infusion the occlusion was kept for min followed by hrs of reperfusion the hearts were excised, sliced into � slices parallel to the short axis and stained with nitroblue tetrazolium chloride what is glucophage for the infarct was approximately to of the infarcts of the control plain liposome what is glucophage for or saline treated rabbit hearts subsequently, comparison to iggliposome treated hearts with acute myocardial infarction demonstrated that the csil treatment resulted in significantly smaller infarct size, as was observed in comparison to plain liposome or saline treated hearts what is glucophage for thus, cytoskeletalantigen specific immunoliposomes, consisting of antimyosin or antiactinimmunoliposomes, were demonstrated to be what is glucophage for able to preserve cell viability and integrity its potential utility in the cardiovascular system would be enhanced once its efficacy following intravenous delivery has been demonstrated however, the study of asahi et al showed that intravenous delivery of what is glucophage for the antiactin immunoliposomes enabled preservation of the integrity of the endothelial cells of the cerebral vessels csil as targeted gene or drug delivery due to the proposed mechanism of cell membrane lesion sealing, we also proposed that if drugs or gene constructs were to be included in the immunoliposomes such as what is glucophage for csils, then these drugs or gene constructs should be delivered directly into the cytoplasm fig this route should bypass the endocytic route of drugs or what is glucophage for gene construct delivery, thereby reducing destruction of the delivered cargo by the lysosomal enzymes, after formation of endolysosomes using silver grains as model fig transmission electron what is glucophage for micrographs of embryonic cardiocyte treated with silver grains impregnated csil left and plain liposome impregnated with silver grains right � = jim drugs, we demonstrated that these drugs can be delivered directly into the cytoplasm of hypoxic cardiocytes treated with silver grains loaded csils figure left shows a transmission electron micrograph what is glucophage for of a cardiocyte treated with silver grains impregnated csils silver grains in groups of concentration at about nm were observed however, in cells treated with silver grains impregnated plain liposomes, very few cells were viable of one such cell detected by transmission electron microscopy, the silver grains were observed in the extracellular space [fig right] fig diagrammatic representation of delivery of intraliposomally entrapped genetic construct or drugs directly into the cytoplasm of target cell nmuin ftivoih wiiit mi ��� when the silver grains were replaced with genetic constructs, pgl what is glucophage for and psv gal vectors, hypoxic cardiocytes treated with csil impregnated with either vectors showed luciferase activity or bacterial jgalactosidase activity the successful transfection of the what is glucophage for hypoxic cardiocytes with pgl, a vector for firefly luciferase enzyme � � fig what is glucophage for relative light units of luciferase activity of cardiocytes treated with various preparations and what is glucophage for controls in csils is shown in fig as relative light units rlus rlus were determined by the use of a luminometer as can be seen, only hypoxic cardiocytes treated with pglcsils showed increased rlus significantly above normal cells with treatment with no vectors similarly, normoxic cardiocytes treated with pglcsil, hypoxic cardiocytes and normoxic cardiocytes treated with plain liposomes, or with only vectors, showed what is glucophage for no significant gene transcription and expression when hypoxic cardiocytes were treated with csil what is glucophage for with entrapped psvgal vectors, almost all cells in the field of view under what is glucophage for light microscopy exhibited bacterial �galactosidase enzyme activity, following reaction with xgal bromo chloroindolylbetadgalactopyranoside, nm mgcl,mm iqfetcn h, mm kfecn in phosphate buffered saline ph [fig a] when this mode of gene expression was compared with transfection of what is glucophage for psvjgal vector with cationic liposomes, cationic liposome transfection according to the manufacturers protocol what is glucophage for resulted in transfection of only a few cells per field of view [fig b], in this micrograph, two cells with intense ��galactosidase activity were observed quantitation of the number of cells in the field of view that was successfully trans fected with psvjgal vector in csil, cationic liposome, iggliposomes, plain what is glucophage for liposome and vector alone are shown in fig c only csil and cationic transfection showed gene expression csiltransfection or csilfection was more than times more efficient what is glucophage for in transfecting cells than cationic liposomes although the intensity of gene expression was what is glucophage for low with csilfection, using the initial vector concentration of xg of vectors in mg lipids in ml, when the vector concentration was increased to � what is glucophage for zg, tramadol fedex cod also in mg lipids in ml, the intensity of gene transfection was increased [fig d], this study showed that approximately x xg ��� � m t� !